Representation of Disability - The Street

The Street is a BBC1 drama that is focused around the main character who has a severe facial deformity. In terms of mise en scene, the audience is instantly shown the disability that Nick has. We are shown his scarred face, this informs the reader as to what situations are going to be dealt with in the course of the program. The make-up used for the deformed side of his face is very detailed and is designed to revolt the audience. The way it is on one side of his face only conforms to a popular stereotype of the 'evil villain'. Most commonly in the villain of the Batman series 'Two-Face', Nick could also be compared to 'Frankenstein'. These all represent the disability to the audience as being always evil and the bad one of the program. This may be a red herring because later in the clip we find that Nick doesn't want to hurt anyone but he is more embarrassed about his face and doesn't like to scare people. We also are meant to believe that he is a bad person due to the sheer brutality of his facial scars, they make his face look displeasing and this is used to make the audience convert that feeling into his personality, to assume that due to his deformed face, his personality will match up with the disfigurement of his face. This also fits in with the stereotype of disabled people being not very well groomed, as Nick appears to have scruffy hair, he isn't shaven and is wearing relatively scruffy clothes. This mise en scene makes the audience assume he is just like the stereotype of any other disabled person.

At the start of the clip, the camera is positioned behind some bars that are wrapped in what appears to be barbed wire. This could  have connotations of his disability trapping him, because he feels that he cannot live a normal life due to his disability, this is shown through the camera shot of him through the bars. We also see Nicks friend being trapped behind bars, this may show that not only is the disabled person hindered by the disability, but the people close to him are also hindered due to the disability. This is evident in the clip as they look worried when Nick is asking for his old job back, as they may feel anxious to deny him the job with whatever reasons they might have. This shows that it is hard to deal with disabled people, the clip represents disability of being a disadvantage to the people around and of who are close to those who are disabled.
Camera movements are also used to represent disability when Nick is storming away from the recently startled woman friend of his. The camera is using a hand held shot is it moves up the street after Nick, this is used to show the tension of the situation building and Nicks anger rising. This has connotations of the stereotype that disabled people are emotionally unstable, and let their anger out a lot more viciously. This is represented by the shaky and wobbly camera movements when Nick storms off.

In terms of sound, when Nick is going to ask his old friend if he can have his job back, we can hear foreign languages being spoken in the background, this diegetic sound has a big impact on the central character and reveals a lot about how disabilities are stereotyped in the media. These foreign voices that appear to be coming from inside the construction site that they are working on. This shows the audience that even these people who cant speak English can get this job, whereas  the man who had previously worked at this business who now has a disfigured face cant get a job. It shows the stereotype that disabled or 'abnormal' people are viewed by the public as being unable to function in daily life.

In terms of editing, the scene in the army office is quite interesting. Firstly we see the pace of cuts increasing, these fast cuts co-inside with the raise of temper within the main character Nick. It also matches with his language becoming increasingly more angry, along with swear words like 'Shit!' We also are shown the deformed side of his face when he is swearing and shouting at the officer, whereas when we see his 'good side', his voice and body seems to be calm and controlled. This represents his disability to make him angry and temperamental, this conforms with the stereotype that disabled people are not socially acceptable and cannot function properly in a society of 'normal' people. The lighting in the office brings with it connotations of the evil side of a disabled person, as the lighting is very low key and blinds are used to make horizontal lines across his body. This dark lighting makes Nick look evil and imposing, it could possibly of been done to intimidate the audience and make them feel uncomfortable as just through the gaps of light you can catch a glimpse of his scarred face. This makes the deformity seem more vicious and as if it makes the man evil.

Discuss the ways in which the extract constructs the representation of class

The opening scene where Merlin goes into a rich, posh looking establishment, we already know lots of the time era and the way class is represented. As we can see from the mise en scene in the shot, as Merlin is wearing brown rags for clothes so is clearly at the bottom end of the spectrum. This contrasts against the building he is in, the decoration of the room is of a very high standard so we know that whoever this rooms belongs to is of a high class. We can tell the class is represented as being quite segregated in the time this program is set as there is a large, significant difference between the contrast of Merlin's clothes and the environment he is in. As you can see there is a fire in the background of the room, in some of the more close-up camera shots, the fire takes up a lot of the frame. This intense flame may be used to show that Merlin is in danger, or he should not be there, this is also supported by the mise en scene already mentioned. This represents class because he is clearly low class, so shouldn’t be around the higher class, richer people of that time; this shows that poorer people were perhaps treated as thieves or thought of as scum.

The fight scene brings in interesting parts of editing; we see many fast cuts being used when the pair begin to engage in the fight. These are used to connotate the clumsiness and poor ability that Merlin shows when he is fighting the royal man. As we see him tripping over or getting stuck in hay etc. This gives the audience the impression he is not a very experienced fighter and obviously hasn’t been trained. This represents class because he will not have these skills due to his lack of wealth and status. In contrast, when the man of royalty is fighting Merlin, slow motion is used to show the skill he possesses, and make that as dramatic as possible. This also represents gender as it shows that if you are born into royalty or wealth for example, you can easily acquire skills and equipment. The equipment of the royal men ties in with the representation of gender because it contrasts against the rags merlin is wearing, they have shiny metal armour and chainmail, and this is used to portray them as knights. And most commonly, only those who are born into a rich or royal family become knights.

The sound used in the clip from Merlin is important in its representation of class, especially in the fight scene.  We can hear non-diegetic sound in the background of the fight scene. This is (contrupuncual?) sound as it goes against what is happening on the screen. As the music is quite jolly and would most likely traditionally be played at a high class or royal banquet.  This music suits the time period that the TV series is set in and keeps in with the setting of the program. It will also remind the audience of the different classes because you cannot expect someone who is dressed in rags like Merlin to be listening to that kind of music, as he would not have the skill or the privilege to listen or play it. It shows that only the highest class can enjoy the finer things in life and the lower classes have to live with bare minimum.

Sound is also used when Merlin is in the room of the rich lady’s and he appears to not be allowed there, we can tell this from the comparisons of his rag clothes to the decorations that make the room he is in seem very high class and posh. We can also tell he isn’t supposed to be there through the close up of his face, showing how unnerved he is and scared of being caught out. So along with all this happening we hear some more non diegetic sounds that sound like stringed instruments that are slowly building up in volume and tempo, these are used to create intensity and keep the audience on edge and prepare them for the climax of the shot. But, in this case, these sounds that have built up appear to be a red herring as Merlin manages to get out of the building without any real problems.

In What Ways Does The Extract Represent Gender?

This extract, from the BBC's Doctor Who, Series 3, Volume 4 represents gender using many different ways. Firstly it uses camera angles to represent different genders and the power they have on the opposing character. WE see Character 1 kneeling down at the bottom of the steps, this then gives us a high angle shot from the point of view of the male Character 2, as if he is looking down on the female Character 1. The use of this angle aims to show the audience that the male is the most powerful as he is looking down at the female. The shot is then reversed leaving the female Character 1 looking up at the opposing man, this reiterates the point that the male is the more powerful of the two, connoting that the male gender is more dominant than the female gender. This also links onto the mise en scene used to represent these two characters in the same way.

As we can see the man (Character 2) is dressed smartly in a suit and tie, he looks professional. Whereas the female (Character 1) is dressed in a more casual manner and looks somewhat domestic. These two ideas that are used represent the stereotypes we have regarding male and female genders that the male gender is more professional and tends to earn the money within the relationship or family. Then the females are more domestic and sometimes seen as child bearing compared to a man. This is a stereotype that cannot be brought up without being subtle as it can offend people and will make the program as a whole controversial.

The sound used in this extract from Doctor Who also creates a representation of gender. When the more dominant male asks the apparently weaker female to 'KNEEL!' before him, his voice bellows out over all the other noises in the shot, this reinstates his authority and power of the female character. This high intensity and loudness of his voice is used to intimidate the audience and therefore make them feel the threat of this male character just like the female is, it puts the audience in perspective of the struggling female character. This is also accompanied by sad and atmospheric slow music, this non-deictic sound makes the females character seem even more vulnerable and it aims to pull the audience in to her position to make us feel sorry for her. This makes the situation more engaging as we feel emotionally attached to this character.

The position of the female character at the start of the clip as a whole also ties in to the representation the extract is trying to imply upon gender. Since she is being forced to kneel before the more dominant man, it backs up the stereotype that the male gender is more powerful and forceful than the female gender. We see character 2, the man, smiling in a way that makes him seem pleased of himself. The close up camera shot used helps the audience determine exactly how he feels with his actions. Whereas when the camera switches back to character 1, the female, we see her with a look of terror and sadness, this is used to convince the audience that she is the one in pain, she is the weak one in this situation. This technique is again used to make the audience feel sorry for this female character and get us on her side, for when she ends up coming out on top against the man, we are happy for her and will her on to succeed. It gets us more interested in the storyline and draws us in to the climax of the episode which will make the show as a whole feel better and more pleasing to watch to the audience.

Skins: Episode One - Sound and Editing Practice

Sound

The dialogue between the father and the son shows a reversal in audeince expectations. We see the father shouting and swearing at the teenager, which is normally something we would expect to hear from the teenager. The father's aggressive reaction to the diegetic rock music plays to the stereotype that teenagers play loud music and are inconsiderate to older people. His reaction also plays to the stereotype that teenagers frustrate their parents.

As the younger sister walks down the road we hear the diegetic sound of her high heels clicking on the pavement, this sound gets louder as she draws nearer. This sound of her heels may suggest that she is trying to be an adult or trying to act as if she is old enough to behave the way she does. It also tells us that she may have been out all night at a party as she would want to look nice when she is out with friends, this suggests and conforms with the stereotype that teenagers dress up to go out and take great care in their appearance.

Editing

Parallel editing is used to show that the boy and girl are related and have a strong relationship. We can see through the parallel editing that they lead very different teenage lives, showing binary opposite characters. She is coming home; rebelling against house rules and he has been in his own bed. This conforms to Levi Strauss' idea that all narratives have opposites. The two narrative threads come together as she reaches the window and the cut aways show that she relies on him to cover up for her.

Action editing is used when the protagonist starts to work out in his bedroom, fast cuts are used to speed up his actions and create a sense of action. This sytle of editing conforms with the stereotype of teenagers as it shows he lives a fast and busy life. This is also backed up by the use of compressed time, as we dont see the whole of his work out we can tell that his routine is a fast and energetic one. It also agrees with another stereotype, that at that age, teenagers care about their physical appearance a lot so they will do all they can to make it appealing to their peers. We can see this happening and the end of this fast scene when he checks himself out in the mirror, making sure his body is how he desires it to look.

Skins: Episode One - Mise En Scene and Camera Practice

Mise En Scene

The mise en scene of the protagonists bedroom challenges and conforms to stereotypical views about youth culture. The establishing shot suggests that the series targets a teenage audience and it will follow the life and experiences of a teenager. The duvet cover shown is of a double bed with a naked man and woman, suggesting that this age group is sexually charged. The protagonist is positioned in the middle of the two bodies suggesting that he is sexually inexperienced. It could also be suggesting that he is alone and confused about his sexuality, which conforms to teenage sterotypes.In this shot natural lighting is used to give a sense of realism so the teenage audience identifies with the life of the protagonist.

Then we see the rest of the protaganists bedroom. We see it being very tidy and organised, challenging the stereotpe that teenagers are untidy. We know this due to his cupboard draws being full of clothes that are neatly folded and clean. The boy also has a clean floor where we would expect teenagers to have items lying around, but this protagonist is neat and tidy. Whereas we see the binary opposite of his sister, who comes home in the early morning with messed hair and clothes. Also as we are shown her room, she has clothes lying about and her bedsheets are all messy. Conforming with the stereotype of that age group. As we see the rest of the room it is noticable that it is all neatral colours, nothing stands out that matches him being male or female. This goes against the sterotype of the traditional colours of blue for boys, and pink for girls.

Camera Angles

The idea that teenagers are curious about sex is reinforced through the over the sholder shot used when he is looking at the older woman getting dressed through the window over the road. The shot is hand held so that the audience can have the same experience as the teenage main character. The following close up shot shows a lack of expression suggesting that this is routine and he has become disaffected by the image. This conforms to the stereotype that teenagers' lives are surrounded by sex and it plays a big part of their life.

The camera angle of the protagonist's sister, Effy, is a pan or track shot across the driveway. This is used to show us that she shouldnt be where she is and she is breaking the rules, as the pan is used to give us the feeling that she is anxious about being seen by anyone. This conforms with the stereotype of teenagers as Effy is clearly seen as staying out all night partying, we can tell this due to her messy clothes, hair and her make-up is all smudged and runny. This also agrees with the stereotype that teenagers are rebellious and keep secrets from their parents.The camera angle is also used to highlight the contrast between Tony and Effy as it comes out of the house into the street. Showing us that they are two totally different people. Conforming with the sterotype that brothers and sisters of this specific agegroup dont see eye-to-eye and dont get along with each other.

Nanny McPhee and The Big Bang

Nanny McPhee

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Editing Terminology

Continuity Editing:
When viewer should not be aware of cuts. Presents text in chronological manner to emphasise real-time

Cross-cutting (Parallel editing):
Cuts between two seperate scenes happening in two different locations at the same time.

Action Match:
Continuing piece of action/movement between shots.

Transitions -
Straight cut:
Goes unnoticed, one shot replaced by another.

Dissolve:
One shots fade out and another gradually appears.

Wipe:
Uses border between two shots to eliminate previous shot.

Long take:
A take that remains of screen for a longer duration before it is cut.

Short take:
A short take is one that is allowed to remain on screen for a short time before it is cut.

Jump cut:
A cut that moves a very similar part of the same scene but misses a piece of action out.

Cutaway:
Shot is not totally necessary but shows related action/object/person etc. before cutting back to the original shot.

Shot-reverse-shot:
Cutting between two people having a conversation.

Slow-motion:
Action is slowed down for emotional or comic effect.

Fast-forward:
Action is sped up.

Visual effects:
Change in colour or showing CGI/CSI to present character's reaction.

Super-impose:
When writing/images/symbols appear on top of an image so both are visible at once.

Split screen:
Screen is split into two part to allow te showing of events taking place at the same time.

Action editing:
Short and fast shots are used to reinforce the action/the audience aware of developing action.

Montage:
Montage is a series of shots edited together to show time passing and something happening in that time.

Ellipsis:
The removal shortening of elements of narrative to speech up action.

Eye-line match:
The shot is at eye level when cutting from a character to what they see.

Graphic match:
A cut from one shot to another that visually look the same, that both have a link so the audience can interpret the connection.

Linear narrative:
A narrative with a clear sequence of beginning, middle and end (in that order).